112 Questions
What is the main purpose of balancing a chemical equation?
To ensure that the number of atoms of each element is conserved
What type of reaction is represented by the equation: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O?
Combustion
What is the correct symbol for a liquid state of matter?
(l)
What is the purpose of dimensional analysis in chemistry?
To convert between different units of measurement
What is the definition of a decomposition reaction?
A reaction in which one substance breaks down into two or more substances
What determines whether a chemical reaction is balanced or not?
The number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
What is the purpose of writing a word equation?
To represent a chemical reaction in a concise and easy-to-understand format
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
What is the unit for molar mass?
grams/mole
What is the purpose of Avogadro's number in mole conversions?
To convert between particles and moles
What is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, water, and CO₂ into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What is the primary source of energy storage for the longest period of time?
Biomass
What determines the solubility of a substance in a solvent?
The type and amount of solute
What is the main contributor to oxygen production in Earth's early history?
Cyanobacteria through photosynthesis
What is the primary heat source for the troposphere?
Earth's surface
What is the product of a reaction between an acid and a base?
Salt and water
What is the importance of the stratosphere?
It contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters UV radiation
What is the characteristic of a basic solution?
pH greater than 7
How is the pH of a solution calculated?
pH = -log[H⁺]
What is the result of Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the sun?
Seasons in each hemisphere
What is the importance of the thermosphere?
It absorbs high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun
What is the impact of increased fossil fuel use on the carbon cycle?
Increased CO₂ levels
What is the process by which nitrogen is made available to organisms in the biosphere?
Nitrogen fixation and nitrification
What is the impact of increased carbon emissions on Earth?
Leading to global warming, climate change, and sea-level rise
What is the primary source of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation
What is the term for the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent?
Saturation
What is the importance of the exosphere?
It acts as a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and outer space
What is the composition of the majority of the atmosphere?
What is the primary factor that governs the birth and death of a star?
Its mass
Which of the following statements about terrestrial planets is true?
They have longer rotational periods than gas giants.
What is the primary difference between the rotational periods of gas giants and terrestrial planets?
Gas giants have shorter rotational periods.
What is the relationship between the luminosity of a star and its size?
Larger stars are generally more luminous.
What is the primary reason why radioactive decay is reliable in determining the age of objects?
It occurs at a constant rate.
What distinguishes jovian planets from terrestrial planets?
Their composition and size.
What is the fate of a low-mass star like the Sun?
It will become a white dwarf after passing through the red giant phase.
What is the primary location of young stars in spiral galaxies?
The spiral arms.
What is the primary characteristic of a neutron star?
It is extremely dense and has a strong magnetic field.
What is the relationship between the square of a planet's orbital period and the cube of its semi-major axis?
The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis.
What is the characteristic feature of a barred spiral galaxy?
A central bar-shaped structure made up of stars
What is the primary difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
Renewable sources can be replenished, while non-renewable sources cannot
What is the primary way to determine the distance of faraway galaxies?
Measuring their redshift and applying Hubble's law
What is the main purpose of active solar heating systems?
To use mechanical systems to convert solar energy
What is the estimated age of the universe?
13.8 billion years
What is the primary driver of climate change?
Anthropogenic factors, such as greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation
What is the term for the reflectivity of Earth's surface?
Albedo
What is the result of a massive star collapsing under its own gravity?
The formation of a black hole
What type of galaxy lacks significant structure like spiral arms and is generally composed of older stars?
Elliptical galaxy
What is required for geothermal energy to be successful?
Access to heat sources near Earth's surface
What is the process by which atoms release energy to become more stable?
Radioactive decay
What is the characteristic feature of an irregular galaxy?
Lacking a distinct shape with chaotic appearances
What is the boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole?
Event horizon
What is the main difference between nuclear and chemical changes?
Nuclear changes involve nuclei, while chemical changes involve electrons
What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
Barred spiral galaxy
Where does the energy released in nuclear reactions come from?
The binding energy differences in the nucleus
What is the current stage of the Sun's life cycle?
Main sequence
Which type of radioactive dating is used to determine the age of living matter?
Radiocarbon dating
What is the primary purpose of dimensional analysis in chemistry?
To convert between different units of measurement
Which of the following types of chemical reactions involves the combination of two substances to form a single product?
Synthesis
What is the primary requirement for a chemical equation to be balanced?
The number of atoms of each element must be conserved
What is the purpose of writing a word equation?
To translate a chemical equation into words
What is the term for the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond?
Electronegativity
What is the primary principle underlying the balancing of chemical equations?
The law of conservation of mass
What is the term for a reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances?
Decomposition
What is the symbol used to represent a solid state of matter?
(s)
What is the unit of molar concentration?
moles/liter
What is the process by which plants convert light energy, water, and CO₂ into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What is the term for the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent?
Saturation
What is the formula to calculate the pH of a solution?
pH = -log[H⁺]
What is the result of a reaction between an acid and a base?
Water and salt
What is the process by which nitrogen is made available to organisms in the biosphere?
Nitrogen fixation and nitrification
What is the impact of increased fossil fuel use on the carbon cycle?
Increased CO₂ levels
What is the term for the characteristic of a substance that determines its solubility in a solvent?
Polarity
What is the conversion factor used when converting between particles and moles?
Avogadro's number
What is the term for a solution that contains more solute than it can hold at a given temperature?
Supersaturated
What is the primary driver of climate change?
Greenhouse gas emissions
Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?
Fossil Fuels
What is the term for the reflectivity of Earth's surface?
Albedo
What is required for geothermal energy to be successful?
Access to heat sources near Earth's surface
What is the primary characteristic of a neutron star?
Extremely high density
What is the primary way to determine the distance of faraway galaxies?
Redshift method
What is the process by which atoms release energy to become more stable?
Radioactive decay
What is the primary difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
Renewable sources are replenished naturally
What is the estimated age of the universe?
13.8 billion years
What is the primary driver of the Earth's climate system?
Solar radiation
What is the primary source of energy storage for the longest period of time on Earth?
Fossil fuels and biomass
Which human activity contributes most to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
All of the above
What is the primary role of cyanobacteria in Earth's early history?
Producing oxygen through photosynthesis
What is the primary heat source for the stratosphere?
Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer
What is the importance of the troposphere?
It is the layer where weather phenomena occur
What is the result of Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the Sun?
Seasonal changes
What is the composition of the majority of the Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)
How do we know about Earth's earlier atmospheres?
Analyzing ice cores and sediment layers
What is the importance of the thermosphere?
It absorbs high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun
What is the impact of increased carbon emissions on Earth?
It leads to global warming, climate change, and more extreme weather events
What is the primary reason why the luminosity of a star increases with its size?
The star's mass increases, leading to a higher nuclear fusion rate
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a jovian planet?
Close proximity to the Sun
What is the primary factor that determines the life expectancy of a star?
The star's mass
What is the primary location of old stars in spiral galaxies?
Halo
What is the primary force that balances gravity in a star?
Nuclear fusion pressure
What is the primary characteristic of a neutron star?
Fast rotational period and strong magnetic field
What is the primary process by which heavy elements are formed?
Nuclear fusion in the cores of stars
What is the primary difference between the rotational periods of gas giants and terrestrial planets?
Gas giants rotate faster, terrestrial planets rotate slower
What is the primary stage of a star's life cycle where it expands to become a red giant?
Red giant
What is the characteristic feature of a lenticular galaxy?
It has a disk and bulge but little to no spiral structure
What is the primary relationship between the square of a planet's orbital period and the cube of its semi-major axis?
The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis
What is the estimated age of the universe?
13.8 billion years
What is the result of a massive star collapsing under its own gravity?
A black hole
What is the primary way to determine the distance of faraway galaxies?
Measuring their redshift and applying Hubble's law
What is the characteristic feature of a barred spiral galaxy?
A central bar-shaped structure extending from the nucleus to the spiral arms
What is the primary driver of the formation of a black hole?
The collapse of a massive star under its own gravity
What is the characteristic feature of an elliptical galaxy?
It ranges from nearly spherical to elongated shapes and lacks significant structure like spiral arms
What is the primary characteristic of irregular galaxies?
They lack a distinct shape and are frequently sites of active star formation
Review of prior units in chemistry, including chemical compounds, isotope symbols, dimensional analysis, bond polarity, and subatomic particles, as well as understanding chemical reactions, including identifying reactants and products and the 5 types of reactions.
